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Banu Qurayza
The Banu Qurayza ((アラビア語:بني قريظة; بنو قريظة) alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina), until the 7th century, when their conflict with Muhammad led to their demise.
Jewish tribes reportedly arrived in Hijaz in the wake of the Jewish-Roman wars and introduced agriculture, putting them in a culturally, economical and politically dominant position.〔〔Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 192f.〕 However, in 5th century, the Banu Aws and the Banu Khazraj, two Arab tribes that had arrived from Yemen, gained dominance.〔 When these two tribes became embroiled in conflict with each other, the Jewish tribes, now clients〔〔 or allies〔 of the Arabs, fought on different sides, the Qurayza siding with the Aws.〔Watt, "Muhammad", in: ''The Cambridge History of Islam''.〕
In 622, the Islamic prophet Muhammad arrived at Yathrib from Mecca and reportedly established a compact between the conflicting parties.〔〔〔Alford Welch, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', "Muhammad".〕 While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the Quraysh, tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted.〔
In 627, when the Quraysh and their allies besieged the city in the Battle of the Trench, the Qurayza are said to have violated a treaty with the Islamic prophet Muhammad by allying with the attacking tribes, aiming to attack Muslims from behind while the other attackers attack from the front.〔 However, other sources state that Banu Qurayza did not appear to have committed any hostile act〔Watt in Encyclopedia of Islam, Banu Qurayza Article〕 and had been overtly correct in their behaviour.〔The Cambridge History of Islam, p.49〕 After the Battle of the Trench ended, the tribe was besieged by the Muslims and charged with treason by a judge accepted by both parties, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh.〔Peterson, ''Muhammad: the prophet of God'', p. 125-127.〕〔Ramadan, ''In the Footsteps of the Prophet'', p. 140f.〕 According to Sa'd's verdict the men were beheaded, while all the women and children were taken captive and enslaved.〔〔〔〔Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam'', vol. 1, p. 191.〕〔Brown, ''A New Introduction to Islam'', p. 81.〕〔Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', p. 229-233.〕 Some scholars have challenged the veracity of this incident, arguing that it was exaggerated or invented.〔〔〔Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews"", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's ''Muhammad and the Jews''.〕
==History in pre-Islamic Arabia==
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